Pemansuhan PPSMI mungkin 2011- Utusan Malaysia
Oktober 21, 2009 pada 3:24 pm · Dikirim dalam berita hari ini
KUALA LUMPUR 20 Okt. – Pemansuhan dasar Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris (PPSMI) untuk murid tahun satu mungkin dipercepatkan setahun iaitu mulai 2011.
Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin bagaimanapun berkata, keputusan itu bergantung kepada persediaan melaksanakan dasar Memartabatkan Bahasa Melayu dan Memperkukuhkan Bahasa Inggeris (MBMMBI) bagi menggantikan PPSMI yang dijadual bermula 2012.
Beliau yang juga Menteri Pelajaran berkata, langkah menyegerakan pemansuhan PPSMI itu hanya dapat dilaksanakan jika keperluan pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi pelaksanaan MBMMBI siap sebelum akhir 2010.
“Kementerian sedang meneliti kemungkinan melaksanakannya (MBMMBI) mulai 2011 bagi murid tahun satu.
“Namun ia bergantung sama ada bilangan guru mencukupi, kesediaan kurikulum baru dan buku teks untuk mata pelajaran Sains, Matematik dan Bahasa Inggeris dapat disiapkan sebelum akhir 2010,” katanya.
Muhyiddin berkata demikian ketika menjawab soalan Mohd. Nor Othman (BN-Hulu Terengganu) mengenai rasional kerajaan menunggu sehingga 2012 untuk memansuhkan PPSMI pada persidangan Dewan Rakyat hari ini.
Timbalan Perdana Menteri menjelaskan pemansuhan PPSMI bagi murid tahun empat, tingkatan satu dan tingkatan empat pula kekal pada 2012 bagi membolehkan kementerian membuat persiapan rapi sebelum memulakan MBMMBI.
Menjawab soalan tambahan Mohd. Nor, Muhyiddin menegaskan, keputusan memansuhkan PPSMI adalah muktamad dan kerajaan tidak akan kembali meneruskan dasar berkenaan.
Beliau berkata, komitmen kerajaan yang bersetuju supaya PPSMI dimansuhkan tidak perlu diragui semua pihak walaupun ia hanya akan berkuat kuasa mulai tahun 2012.
“Ini adalah keputusan yang muktamad. Jadi apa pun keadaan kita telah menyatakan kesediaan untuk tidak kembali kepada dasar lama iaitu meneruskan PPSMI.
“Segala persiapan telah mula dilakukan mulai sekarang dan saya beri jaminan walaupun PPSMI hanya akan dimansuhkan mulai 2012, insya-Allah ia akan dapat dilaksanakan dengan jayanya,” katanya.
Muhyiddin berkata, tempoh tersebut ditetapkan kerana kerajaan memerlukan masa untuk membuat semua persiapan sebelum MBMMBI dilaksanakan.
Jelasnya, persiapan itu penting kerana kerajaan telah belajar daripada pengalaman lalu apabila tempoh terlalu singkat iaitu hanya enam bulan sebelum melaksanakan PPSMI menyebabkan pelbagai masalah timbul.
“Dasar baru ini memerlukan kita menyediakan 13,000 guru termasuk sekurang-kurangnya 1,000 guru Bahasa Inggeris baru yang mahir,” katanya.
Dalam pada itu, menjawab soalan Azmin Ali (PKR-Gombak) mengenai pengaruh Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad dalam keputusan kerajaan, Muhyiddin menjelaskan, bekas Perdana Menteri itu memahami keputusan yang dibuat oleh kepimpinan sekarang.
Jelasnya, walaupun Dr. Mahathir tidak bersetuju dengan keputusan kerajaan memansuhkan PPSMI tetapi penentangan bekas Perdana Menteri itu tidak terlalu keras.
(sources: http://www.utusan.com.my
http://beritamalaysiakini.wordpress.com/)
Monday, October 26, 2009
Pemansuhan PPSMI mungkin 2011- Utusan Malaysia
Oktober 21, 2009 pada 3:24 pm · Dikirim dalam berita hari ini
KUALA LUMPUR 20 Okt. – Pemansuhan dasar Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris (PPSMI) untuk murid tahun satu mungkin dipercepatkan setahun iaitu mulai 2011.
Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin bagaimanapun berkata, keputusan itu bergantung kepada persediaan melaksanakan dasar Memartabatkan Bahasa Melayu dan Memperkukuhkan Bahasa Inggeris (MBMMBI) bagi menggantikan PPSMI yang dijadual bermula 2012.
Beliau yang juga Menteri Pelajaran berkata, langkah menyegerakan pemansuhan PPSMI itu hanya dapat dilaksanakan jika keperluan pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi pelaksanaan MBMMBI siap sebelum akhir 2010.
“Kementerian sedang meneliti kemungkinan melaksanakannya (MBMMBI) mulai 2011 bagi murid tahun satu.
“Namun ia bergantung sama ada bilangan guru mencukupi, kesediaan kurikulum baru dan buku teks untuk mata pelajaran Sains, Matematik dan Bahasa Inggeris dapat disiapkan sebelum akhir 2010,” katanya.
Muhyiddin berkata demikian ketika menjawab soalan Mohd. Nor Othman (BN-Hulu Terengganu) mengenai rasional kerajaan menunggu sehingga 2012 untuk memansuhkan PPSMI pada persidangan Dewan Rakyat hari ini.
Timbalan Perdana Menteri menjelaskan pemansuhan PPSMI bagi murid tahun empat, tingkatan satu dan tingkatan empat pula kekal pada 2012 bagi membolehkan kementerian membuat persiapan rapi sebelum memulakan MBMMBI.
Menjawab soalan tambahan Mohd. Nor, Muhyiddin menegaskan, keputusan memansuhkan PPSMI adalah muktamad dan kerajaan tidak akan kembali meneruskan dasar berkenaan.
Beliau berkata, komitmen kerajaan yang bersetuju supaya PPSMI dimansuhkan tidak perlu diragui semua pihak walaupun ia hanya akan berkuat kuasa mulai tahun 2012.
“Ini adalah keputusan yang muktamad. Jadi apa pun keadaan kita telah menyatakan kesediaan untuk tidak kembali kepada dasar lama iaitu meneruskan PPSMI.
“Segala persiapan telah mula dilakukan mulai sekarang dan saya beri jaminan walaupun PPSMI hanya akan dimansuhkan mulai 2012, insya-Allah ia akan dapat dilaksanakan dengan jayanya,” katanya.
Muhyiddin berkata, tempoh tersebut ditetapkan kerana kerajaan memerlukan masa untuk membuat semua persiapan sebelum MBMMBI dilaksanakan.
Jelasnya, persiapan itu penting kerana kerajaan telah belajar daripada pengalaman lalu apabila tempoh terlalu singkat iaitu hanya enam bulan sebelum melaksanakan PPSMI menyebabkan pelbagai masalah timbul.
“Dasar baru ini memerlukan kita menyediakan 13,000 guru termasuk sekurang-kurangnya 1,000 guru Bahasa Inggeris baru yang mahir,” katanya.
Dalam pada itu, menjawab soalan Azmin Ali (PKR-Gombak) mengenai pengaruh Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad dalam keputusan kerajaan, Muhyiddin menjelaskan, bekas Perdana Menteri itu memahami keputusan yang dibuat oleh kepimpinan sekarang.
Jelasnya, walaupun Dr. Mahathir tidak bersetuju dengan keputusan kerajaan memansuhkan PPSMI tetapi penentangan bekas Perdana Menteri itu tidak terlalu keras.
(sources: http://www.utusan.com.my
http://beritamalaysiakini.wordpress.com/)
Oktober 21, 2009 pada 3:24 pm · Dikirim dalam berita hari ini
KUALA LUMPUR 20 Okt. – Pemansuhan dasar Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris (PPSMI) untuk murid tahun satu mungkin dipercepatkan setahun iaitu mulai 2011.
Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin bagaimanapun berkata, keputusan itu bergantung kepada persediaan melaksanakan dasar Memartabatkan Bahasa Melayu dan Memperkukuhkan Bahasa Inggeris (MBMMBI) bagi menggantikan PPSMI yang dijadual bermula 2012.
Beliau yang juga Menteri Pelajaran berkata, langkah menyegerakan pemansuhan PPSMI itu hanya dapat dilaksanakan jika keperluan pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi pelaksanaan MBMMBI siap sebelum akhir 2010.
“Kementerian sedang meneliti kemungkinan melaksanakannya (MBMMBI) mulai 2011 bagi murid tahun satu.
“Namun ia bergantung sama ada bilangan guru mencukupi, kesediaan kurikulum baru dan buku teks untuk mata pelajaran Sains, Matematik dan Bahasa Inggeris dapat disiapkan sebelum akhir 2010,” katanya.
Muhyiddin berkata demikian ketika menjawab soalan Mohd. Nor Othman (BN-Hulu Terengganu) mengenai rasional kerajaan menunggu sehingga 2012 untuk memansuhkan PPSMI pada persidangan Dewan Rakyat hari ini.
Timbalan Perdana Menteri menjelaskan pemansuhan PPSMI bagi murid tahun empat, tingkatan satu dan tingkatan empat pula kekal pada 2012 bagi membolehkan kementerian membuat persiapan rapi sebelum memulakan MBMMBI.
Menjawab soalan tambahan Mohd. Nor, Muhyiddin menegaskan, keputusan memansuhkan PPSMI adalah muktamad dan kerajaan tidak akan kembali meneruskan dasar berkenaan.
Beliau berkata, komitmen kerajaan yang bersetuju supaya PPSMI dimansuhkan tidak perlu diragui semua pihak walaupun ia hanya akan berkuat kuasa mulai tahun 2012.
“Ini adalah keputusan yang muktamad. Jadi apa pun keadaan kita telah menyatakan kesediaan untuk tidak kembali kepada dasar lama iaitu meneruskan PPSMI.
“Segala persiapan telah mula dilakukan mulai sekarang dan saya beri jaminan walaupun PPSMI hanya akan dimansuhkan mulai 2012, insya-Allah ia akan dapat dilaksanakan dengan jayanya,” katanya.
Muhyiddin berkata, tempoh tersebut ditetapkan kerana kerajaan memerlukan masa untuk membuat semua persiapan sebelum MBMMBI dilaksanakan.
Jelasnya, persiapan itu penting kerana kerajaan telah belajar daripada pengalaman lalu apabila tempoh terlalu singkat iaitu hanya enam bulan sebelum melaksanakan PPSMI menyebabkan pelbagai masalah timbul.
“Dasar baru ini memerlukan kita menyediakan 13,000 guru termasuk sekurang-kurangnya 1,000 guru Bahasa Inggeris baru yang mahir,” katanya.
Dalam pada itu, menjawab soalan Azmin Ali (PKR-Gombak) mengenai pengaruh Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad dalam keputusan kerajaan, Muhyiddin menjelaskan, bekas Perdana Menteri itu memahami keputusan yang dibuat oleh kepimpinan sekarang.
Jelasnya, walaupun Dr. Mahathir tidak bersetuju dengan keputusan kerajaan memansuhkan PPSMI tetapi penentangan bekas Perdana Menteri itu tidak terlalu keras.
(sources: http://www.utusan.com.my
http://beritamalaysiakini.wordpress.com/)
[edit] Operation
A G-suit does not so much increase the G-threshold, but makes it possible to sustain high G longer without excessive physical fatigue. The resting G-tolerance of a typical person is anywhere from 3-5 G's depending on the person. A G-suit will typically add 1 G of tolerance to that limit. Pilots still need to practice the 'G-straining maneuver' that consists of tensing the abdominal muscles in order to tighten blood vessels so as to reduce blood pooling in the lower body. High G is not comfortable, even with a G-suit. In older fighter aircraft, 6 Gs was considered a high level, but with modern fighters nine or more Gs can be sustained structurally[citation needed] making the pilot the critical factor in maintaining high maneuverability in close aerial combat.
[edit] Design
A G-suit is a special garment and generally takes the form of tightly-fitting trousers, which fit either under or over (depending on the design) the flying suit worn by the aviator or astronaut. The trousers are fitted with inflatable bladders which, when pressurized through a G-sensitive valve in the aircraft or spacecraft, press firmly on the abdomen and legs, thus restricting the draining of blood away from the brain during periods of high acceleration. In addition, in some modern very high-G aircraft, the Anti-G suit effect is augmented by a small amount of pressure applied to the lungs (partial pressure breathing), which also enhances resistance to high G. The effects of Anti-G suits and partial pressure breathing are straightforward to replicate in a simulator, although the continuous G forces themselves can only be produced artificially in devices such as centrifuges.
Various designs of G-suit have been developed. They first used water-filled bladders around the lower body and legs. Later designs used air under pressure to inflate the bladders. These G-suits were lighter than the fluid-filled versions and are still in extensive use. However, the Swiss company Life Support Systems AG and the German Autoflug GmbH collaborated to design the new Libelle suit for use with the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft, which reverts to liquid as the medium and improves on performance. The Libelle suit is under consideration for adoption by the United States Air Force. [2]
If blood is allowed to pool in the lower areas of the body, the brain will be deprived of blood leading to temporary hypoxia. Hypoxia causes first a brownout (a dimming of the vision), also called grey-out, followed by tunnel-vision and ultimately complete loss of vision 'blackout' followed by G-induced Loss Of Consciousness or 'G-LOC'. The danger of G-LOC to aircraft pilots is magnified because on relaxation of G there is a period of disorientation before full sensation is re-gained.
[edit] Need for training
G-force induced hypoxia has resulted in a number of fatalities in which the aircraft and crew are lost.[3]
[edit] History
As early as 1917, there were documented cases of pilots' loss of consciousness due to G-forces (G-LOC) that were referred to as "fainting in the air".[4][5]
In 1931 a Professor of Physiology, Frank Cotton, from the University of Sydney described a new way of determining the center of gravity of the human body. This made it possible to describe the displacement of mass within the body under acceleration.
With the development of higher speed monoplane fighters in the late 1930s, acceleration forces during combat became more severe.[5][6] As early as 1940 some German aircraft had foot-rests above the rudder pedals so that the pilot's feet and legs could be raised during combat in an attempt to minimize the negative effects of high speed turns. Large rudder deflections were often not necessary during such manoeuvres, but being able to cut inside the opponent's turning radius was.
[edit] The Franks G-suit
The first G-suits were developed by a team led by Wilbur R. Franks at the University of Toronto's Banting and Best Medical Institute in 1941. These devices used water filled bladders around the legs and two 'Mk.' versions (or Marks) were developed:
Franks Mark I suits were used by RAF Hurricane and Spitfire pilots;
Franks Mark II suits were used by the United States Army Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force pilots. U.S. pilots tested them during 1944, but found the water system uncomfortable and were issued an air-inflatable designs known as Berger suits from September 1944.
Many scientists contributed to the early development of the G-suit, among them neurophysiology E.H. Lambert from the United States.
[edit] The GPS series 'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit
In the United States, physiologists Drs. Earl H. Wood, Edward Baldes, Charles Code and Edward Lambert also contributed to the study and development of G-suits in the 1940s.[7]
The researchers were part of a team assembled at the Mayo Clinic investigating the effects of high performance flight on military pilots, by studying physiological effects of flight and how to mitigate them.[7] They used a large centrifuge to whirl riders and observe their blood pressures at the head and heart levels with special instruments.[7] To prevent drops in blood pressure, the team designed an air bladder suit that inflated at the pilot’s calves, thighs and abdomen.[7]
Their efforts finally culminated with the release of the first US military design in late 1943: the GPS (Gradient Pressure Suit) type fighter pilot's G-1 G-suit.[8] The team subsequently worked on developing further, more advanced models in 1944 and beyond.[8]
Although uncomfortable and distracting to use, later research showed that military fighter pilots who wore G-suits survived and defeated their opponents in greater numbers than those who didn't.[7]
Modern G-Suits meet the United States Air Force Standard CSU-13B/P and United States Navy Standard CSU 15 A/P. Manufactured for over 15 years by Derm-Buro, known commercially as G-Forces Manufacturing, the modern G-Suit can withstand hundreds of missions without failure.
(sources:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-suit)
A G-suit does not so much increase the G-threshold, but makes it possible to sustain high G longer without excessive physical fatigue. The resting G-tolerance of a typical person is anywhere from 3-5 G's depending on the person. A G-suit will typically add 1 G of tolerance to that limit. Pilots still need to practice the 'G-straining maneuver' that consists of tensing the abdominal muscles in order to tighten blood vessels so as to reduce blood pooling in the lower body. High G is not comfortable, even with a G-suit. In older fighter aircraft, 6 Gs was considered a high level, but with modern fighters nine or more Gs can be sustained structurally[citation needed] making the pilot the critical factor in maintaining high maneuverability in close aerial combat.
[edit] Design
A G-suit is a special garment and generally takes the form of tightly-fitting trousers, which fit either under or over (depending on the design) the flying suit worn by the aviator or astronaut. The trousers are fitted with inflatable bladders which, when pressurized through a G-sensitive valve in the aircraft or spacecraft, press firmly on the abdomen and legs, thus restricting the draining of blood away from the brain during periods of high acceleration. In addition, in some modern very high-G aircraft, the Anti-G suit effect is augmented by a small amount of pressure applied to the lungs (partial pressure breathing), which also enhances resistance to high G. The effects of Anti-G suits and partial pressure breathing are straightforward to replicate in a simulator, although the continuous G forces themselves can only be produced artificially in devices such as centrifuges.
Various designs of G-suit have been developed. They first used water-filled bladders around the lower body and legs. Later designs used air under pressure to inflate the bladders. These G-suits were lighter than the fluid-filled versions and are still in extensive use. However, the Swiss company Life Support Systems AG and the German Autoflug GmbH collaborated to design the new Libelle suit for use with the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft, which reverts to liquid as the medium and improves on performance. The Libelle suit is under consideration for adoption by the United States Air Force. [2]
If blood is allowed to pool in the lower areas of the body, the brain will be deprived of blood leading to temporary hypoxia. Hypoxia causes first a brownout (a dimming of the vision), also called grey-out, followed by tunnel-vision and ultimately complete loss of vision 'blackout' followed by G-induced Loss Of Consciousness or 'G-LOC'. The danger of G-LOC to aircraft pilots is magnified because on relaxation of G there is a period of disorientation before full sensation is re-gained.
[edit] Need for training
G-force induced hypoxia has resulted in a number of fatalities in which the aircraft and crew are lost.[3]
[edit] History
As early as 1917, there were documented cases of pilots' loss of consciousness due to G-forces (G-LOC) that were referred to as "fainting in the air".[4][5]
In 1931 a Professor of Physiology, Frank Cotton, from the University of Sydney described a new way of determining the center of gravity of the human body. This made it possible to describe the displacement of mass within the body under acceleration.
With the development of higher speed monoplane fighters in the late 1930s, acceleration forces during combat became more severe.[5][6] As early as 1940 some German aircraft had foot-rests above the rudder pedals so that the pilot's feet and legs could be raised during combat in an attempt to minimize the negative effects of high speed turns. Large rudder deflections were often not necessary during such manoeuvres, but being able to cut inside the opponent's turning radius was.
[edit] The Franks G-suit
The first G-suits were developed by a team led by Wilbur R. Franks at the University of Toronto's Banting and Best Medical Institute in 1941. These devices used water filled bladders around the legs and two 'Mk.' versions (or Marks) were developed:
Franks Mark I suits were used by RAF Hurricane and Spitfire pilots;
Franks Mark II suits were used by the United States Army Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force pilots. U.S. pilots tested them during 1944, but found the water system uncomfortable and were issued an air-inflatable designs known as Berger suits from September 1944.
Many scientists contributed to the early development of the G-suit, among them neurophysiology E.H. Lambert from the United States.
[edit] The GPS series 'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit
In the United States, physiologists Drs. Earl H. Wood, Edward Baldes, Charles Code and Edward Lambert also contributed to the study and development of G-suits in the 1940s.[7]
The researchers were part of a team assembled at the Mayo Clinic investigating the effects of high performance flight on military pilots, by studying physiological effects of flight and how to mitigate them.[7] They used a large centrifuge to whirl riders and observe their blood pressures at the head and heart levels with special instruments.[7] To prevent drops in blood pressure, the team designed an air bladder suit that inflated at the pilot’s calves, thighs and abdomen.[7]
Their efforts finally culminated with the release of the first US military design in late 1943: the GPS (Gradient Pressure Suit) type fighter pilot's G-1 G-suit.[8] The team subsequently worked on developing further, more advanced models in 1944 and beyond.[8]
Although uncomfortable and distracting to use, later research showed that military fighter pilots who wore G-suits survived and defeated their opponents in greater numbers than those who didn't.[7]
Modern G-Suits meet the United States Air Force Standard CSU-13B/P and United States Navy Standard CSU 15 A/P. Manufactured for over 15 years by Derm-Buro, known commercially as G-Forces Manufacturing, the modern G-Suit can withstand hundreds of missions without failure.
(sources:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-suit)
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.
There are 138 pyramids discovered in Egypt as of 2008.[1][2] Most were built as tombs for the country's Pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4] [5]
The earliest known Egyptian pyramid is the Pyramid of Djoser which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.
The best known Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.[6]
The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.
Historic development
The Mastaba of Faraoun, at Saqqara.
By the time of the early dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[7][8]
The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Amenhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other — creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Step Pyramid of Djoser — which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.[9]
The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist pharaonic rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, those near Giza, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.
Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (approximately in the period between 300 BC–300 AD) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred indigenous, but Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital city.
source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids
There are 138 pyramids discovered in Egypt as of 2008.[1][2] Most were built as tombs for the country's Pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3][4] [5]
The earliest known Egyptian pyramid is the Pyramid of Djoser which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.
The best known Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.[6]
The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.
Historic development
The Mastaba of Faraoun, at Saqqara.
By the time of the early dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[7][8]
The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Amenhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other — creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Step Pyramid of Djoser — which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.[9]
The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist pharaonic rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, those near Giza, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.
Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (approximately in the period between 300 BC–300 AD) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred indigenous, but Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital city.
source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids
Thursday, July 16, 2009
from the star online:
A(H1N1): UiTM in Malacca ordered to close (Update)
MALACCA: The Ministry of Health has ordered the Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) campus in Lendu, Alor Gajah to temporarily stop classes after several more students contracted Influenza A(H1N1) on Thursday.
Some estimated 5,000 students were informed by university officials late Thursday evening that they would be given a nine-day break from classes until July 24 in an attempt to prevent further infections.
UiTM Vice-Chancellor Tan Sri Prof Dr Ibrahim Abu Shah confirmed that the university was ordered to temporarily stop classes after nine more students were confirmed to have been infected with the A(H1N1) virus.
“We are complying with the ministry’s order in an attempt to prevent the situation from getting serious here,” he said.
He said parents would be allowed to fetch their children with immediate effect and would be allowed to do so around the clock.
Students living in and around Malacca would be allowed to leave immediately while those from elsewhere would be allowed to stay on until their parents pick them up, he added.
Last Sunday, Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai confirmed that four UiTM students in Lendu tested positive for the virus and that the university would be ordered to stop classes temporarily if further transmissions were occurred.
Meanwhile, health officials were seen going into the campus late this evening before the order to temporarily close the university was issued.
Many students were later seen leaving the campus with their suitcases when informed that they were given off classes.
The nine UiTM students were part of the 10 new cases of A(H1N1) recorded Thursday, the last one being a patient at the Sungai Buloh Hospital. It marks the first time when all new cases in a day were caused by local transmissions.
In KUALA LUMPUR, Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai described the situation at the UiTM campus as “alarming.”
“I am upset that the situation in Malacca is expanding and have directed Health Director-General Tan Sri Dr Ismail Merican to personally attend to the matter,” he said on Thursday.
A(H1N1): UiTM in Malacca ordered to close (Update)
MALACCA: The Ministry of Health has ordered the Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) campus in Lendu, Alor Gajah to temporarily stop classes after several more students contracted Influenza A(H1N1) on Thursday.
Some estimated 5,000 students were informed by university officials late Thursday evening that they would be given a nine-day break from classes until July 24 in an attempt to prevent further infections.
UiTM Vice-Chancellor Tan Sri Prof Dr Ibrahim Abu Shah confirmed that the university was ordered to temporarily stop classes after nine more students were confirmed to have been infected with the A(H1N1) virus.
“We are complying with the ministry’s order in an attempt to prevent the situation from getting serious here,” he said.
He said parents would be allowed to fetch their children with immediate effect and would be allowed to do so around the clock.
Students living in and around Malacca would be allowed to leave immediately while those from elsewhere would be allowed to stay on until their parents pick them up, he added.
Last Sunday, Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai confirmed that four UiTM students in Lendu tested positive for the virus and that the university would be ordered to stop classes temporarily if further transmissions were occurred.
Meanwhile, health officials were seen going into the campus late this evening before the order to temporarily close the university was issued.
Many students were later seen leaving the campus with their suitcases when informed that they were given off classes.
The nine UiTM students were part of the 10 new cases of A(H1N1) recorded Thursday, the last one being a patient at the Sungai Buloh Hospital. It marks the first time when all new cases in a day were caused by local transmissions.
In KUALA LUMPUR, Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai described the situation at the UiTM campus as “alarming.”
“I am upset that the situation in Malacca is expanding and have directed Health Director-General Tan Sri Dr Ismail Merican to personally attend to the matter,” he said on Thursday.
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